Collecting, managing, and assessing data using sample surveys / Peter Stopher
- Bib ID:
- 5808438
- Format:
- Book
- Author:
- Stopher, Peter R
- Description:
-
- Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012
- xxvi, 534 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
- ISBN:
-
- 9780521863117
- 0521863112
- 9780521681872
- 0521681871
- Full contents:
-
- Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction
- 1.1.The purpose of this book
- 1.2.Scope of the book
- 1.3.Survey statistics
- 2.Basic statistics and probability
- 2.1.Some definitions in statistics
- 2.1.1.Censuses and surveys
- 2.2.Describing data
- 2.2.1.Types of scales
- Nominal scales
- Ordinal scales
- Interval scales
- Ratio scales
- Measurement scales
- 2.2.2.Data presentation: graphics
- 2.2.3.Data presentation: non-graphical
- Measures of magnitude
- Frequencies and proportions
- Central measures of data
- Measures of dispersion
- The normal distribution
- Some useful properties of variances and standard deviations
- Proportions or probabilities
- Data transformations
- Covariance and correlation
- Coefficient of variation
- Other measures of variability
- Alternatives to Sturges' rule
- 3.Basic issues in surveys
- 3.1.Need for survey methods
- 3.1.1.A definition of sampling methodology
- 3.2.Surveys and censuses
- 3.2.1.Costs
- Contents note continued: 3.2.2.Time
- 3.3.Representativeness
- 3.3.1.Randomness
- 3.3.2.Probability sampling
- Sources of random numbers
- 3.4.Errors and bias
- 3.4.1.Sample design and sampling error
- 3.4.2.Bias
- 3.4.3.Avoiding bias
- 3.5.Some important definitions
- 4.Ethics of surveys of human populations
- 4.1.Why ethics?
- 4.2.Codes of ethics or practice
- 4.3.Potential threats to confidentiality
- 4.3.1.Retaining detail and confidentiality
- 4.4.Informed consent
- 4.5.Conclusions
- 5.Designing a survey
- 5.1.Components of survey design
- 5.2.Defining the survey purpose
- 5.2.1.Components of survey purpose
- Data needs
- Comparability or innovation
- Defining data needs
- Data needs in human subject surveys
- Survey timing
- Geographic bounds for the survey
- 5.3.Trade-offs in survey design
- 6.Methods for conducting surveys of human populations
- 6.1.Overview
- 6.2.Face-to-face interviews
- 6.3.Postal surveys
- 6.4.Telephone surveys
- Contents note continued: 6.5.Internet surveys
- 6.6.Compound survey methods
- 6.6.1.Pre-recruitment contact
- 6.6.2.Recruitment
- Random digit dialling
- 6.6.3.Survey delivery
- 6.6.4.Data collection
- 6.6.5.An example
- 6.7.Mixed-mode surveys
- 6.7.1.Increasing response and reducing bias
- 6.8.Observational surveys
- 7.Focus groups
- 7.1.Introduction
- 7.2.Definition of a focus group
- 7.2.1.The size and number of focus groups
- 7.2.2.How a focus group functions
- 7.2.3.Analysing the focus group discussions
- 7.2.4.Some disadvantages of focus groups
- 7.3.Using focus groups to design a survey
- 7.4.Using focus groups to evaluate a survey
- 7.5.Summary
- 8.Design of survey instruments
- 8.1.Scope of this chapter
- 8.2.Question type
- 8.2.1.Classification and behaviour questions
- Mitigating threatening questions
- 8.2.2.Memory or recall error
- 8.3.Question format
- 8.3.1.Open questions
- 8.3.2.Field-coded questions
- 8.3.3.Closed questions
- Contents note continued: 8.4.Physical layout of the survey instrument
- 8.4.1.Introduction
- 8.4.2.Question ordering
- Opening questions
- Body of the survey
- The end of the questionnaire
- 8.4.3.Some general issues on question layout
- Overall format
- Appearance of the survey
- Front cover
- Spatial layout
- Choice of typeface
- Use of colour and graphics
- Question numbering
- Page breaks
- Repeated questions
- Instructions
- Show cards
- Time of the interview
- Precoding
- End of the survey
- Some final comments on questionnaire layout
- 9.Design of questions and question wording
- 9.1.Introduction
- 9.2.Issues in writing questions
- 9.2.1.Requiring an answer
- 9.2.2.Ready answers
- 9.2.3.Accurate recall and reporting
- 9.2.4.Revealing the data
- 9.2.5.Motivation to answer
- 9.2.6.Influences on response categories
- 9.2.7.Use of categories and other responses
- Ordered and unordered categories
- 9.3.Principles for writing questions
- Contents note continued: 9.3.1.Use simple language
- 9.3.2.Number of words
- 9.3.3.Avoid using vague words
- 9.3.4.Avoid using `Tick all that apply' formats
- 9.3.5.Develop response categories that are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
- 9.3.6.Make sure that questions are technically correct
- 9.3.7.Do not ask respondents to say `Yes' in order to say `No'
- 9.3.8.Avoid double-barrelled questions
- 9.4.Conclusion
- 10.Special issues for qualitative and preference surveys
- 10.1.Introduction
- 10.2.Designing qualitative questions
- 10.2.1.Scaling questions
- 10.3.Stated response questions
- 10.3.1.The hypothetical situation
- 10.3.2.Determining attribute levels
- 10.3.3.Number of choice alternatives or scenarios
- 10.3.4.Other issues of concern
- Data inconsistency
- Lexicographic responses
- Random responses
- 10.4.Some concluding comments on stated response survey design
- 11.Design of data collection procedures
- 11.1.Introduction
- Contents note continued: 11.2.Contacting respondents
- 11.2.1.Pre-notification contacts
- 11.2.2.Number and type of contacts
- Nature of reminder contacts
- Postal surveys
- Postal surveys with telephone recruitment
- Telephone interviews
- Face-to-face interviews
- Internet surveys
- 11.3.Who should respond to the survey?
- 11.3.1.Targeted person
- 11.3.2.Full household surveys
- Proxy reporting
- 11.4.Defining a complete response
- 11.4.1.Completeness of the data items
- 11.4.2.Completeness of aggregate sampling units
- 11.5.Sample replacement
- 11.5.1.When to replace a sample unit
- 11.5.2.How to replace a sample
- 11.6.Incentives
- 11.6.1.Recommendations on incentives
- 11.7.Respondent burden
- 11.7.1.Past experience
- 11.7.2.Appropriate moment
- 11.7.3.Perceived relevance
- 11.7.4.Difficulty
- Physical difficulty
- Intellectual difficulty
- Emotional difficulty
- Reducing difficulty
- 11.7.5.External factors
- Contents note continued: Attitudes and opinions of others
- The `feel good' effect
- Appropriateness of the medium
- 11.7.6.Mitigating respondent burden
- 11.8.Concluding comments
- 12.Pilot surveys and pretests
- 12.1.Introduction
- 12.2.Definitions
- 12.3.Selecting respondents for pretests and pilot surveys
- 12.3.1.Selecting respondents
- 12.3.2.Sample size
- Pilot surveys
- Pretests
- 12.4.Costs and time requirements of pretests and pilot surveys
- 12.5.Concluding comments
- 13.Sample design and sampling
- 13.1.Introduction
- 13.2.Sampling frames
- 13.3.Random sampling procedures
- 13.3.1.Initial considerations
- 13.3.2.The normal law of error
- 13.4.Random sampling methods
- 13.4.1.Simple random sampling
- Drawing the sample
- Estimating population statistics and sampling errors
- Example
- Sampling from a finite population
- Sampling error of ratios and proportions
- Defining the sample size
- Examples
- 13.4.2.Stratified sampling
- Contents note continued: Types of stratified samples
- Study domains and strata
- Weighted means and variances
- Stratified sampling with a uniform sampling fraction
- Drawing the sample
- Estimating population statistics and sampling errors
- Pre- and post-stratification
- Example
- Equal allocation
- Summary of proportionate sampling
- Stratified sampling with variable sampling fraction
- Drawing the sample
- Estimating population statistics and sampling errors
- Non-coincident study domains and strata
- Optimum allocation and economic design
- Example
- Survey costs differing by stratum
- Example
- Practical issues in drawing disproportionate samples
- Concluding comments on disproportionate sampling
- 13.4.3.Multistage sampling
- Drawing a multistage sample
- Requirements for multistage sampling
- Estimating population values and sampling statistics
- Example
- Concluding comments on multistage sampling
- 13.5.Quasi-random sampling methods
- Contents note continued: 13.5.1.Cluster sampling
- Equal clusters: population values and standard errors
- Example
- The effects of clustering
- Unequal clusters: population values and standard errors
- Random selection of unequal clusters
- Example
- Stratified sampling of unequal clusters
- Paired selection of unequal-sized clusters
- 13.5.2.Systematic sampling
- Population values and standard errors in a systematic sample
- Simple random model
- Stratified random model
- Paired selection model
- Successive difference model
- Example
- 13.5.3.Choice-based sampling
- 13.6.Non-random sampling methods
- 13.6.1.Quota sampling
- 13.6.2.Intentional, judgemental, or expert samples
- 13.6.3.Haphazard samples
- 13.6.4.Convenience samples
- 13.7.Summary
- 14.Repetitive surveys
- 14.1.Introduction
- 14.2.Non-overlapping samples
- 14.3.Incomplete overlap
- 14.4.Subsampling on the second and subsequent occasions
- 14.5.Complete overlap: a panel
- Contents note continued: 14.6.Practical issues in designing and conducting panel surveys
- 14.6.1.Attrition
- Replacement of panel members lost by attrition
- Reducing losses due to attrition
- 14.6.2.Contamination
- 14.6.3.Conditioning
- 14.7.Advantages and disadvantages of panels
- 14.8.Methods for administering practical panel surveys
- 14.9.Continuous surveys
- 15.Survey economics
- 15.1.Introduction
- 15.2.Cost elements in survey design
- 15.3.Trade-offs in survey design
- 15.3.1.Postal surveys
- 15.3.2.Telephone recruitment with a postal survey with or without telephone retrieval
- 15.3.3.Face-to-face interview
- 15.3.4.More on potential trade-offs
- 15.4.Concluding comments
- 16.Survey implementation
- 16.1.Introduction
- 16.2.Interviewer selection and training
- 16.2.1.Interviewer selection
- 16.2.2.Interviewer training
- 16.2.3.Interviewer monitoring
- 16.3.Record keeping
- 16.4.Survey supervision
- 16.5.Survey publicity
- Contents note continued: 16.5.1.Frequently asked questions, fact sheet, or brochure
- 16.6.Storage of survey forms
- 16.6.1.Identification numbers
- 16.7.Issues for surveys using posted materials
- 16.8.Issues for surveys using telephone contact
- 16.8.1.Caller ID
- 16.8.2.Answering machines
- 16.8.3.Repeated requests for callback
- 16.9.Data on incomplete responses
- 16.10.Checking survey responses
- 16.11.Times to avoid data collection
- 16.12.Summary comments on survey implementation
- 17.Web-based surveys
- 17.1.Introduction
- 17.2.The internet as an optional response mechanism
- 17.3.Some design issues for Web surveys
- 17.3.1.Differences between paper and internet surveys
- 17.3.2.Question and response
- 17.3.3.Ability to fill in the Web survey in multiple sittings
- 17.3.4.Progress tracking
- 17.3.5.Pre-filled responses
- 17.3.6.Confidentiality in Web-based surveys
- 17.3.7.Pictures, maps, etc. on Web surveys
- Contents note continued: Animation in survey pictures and maps
- 17.3.8.Browser software
- User interface design
- Creating mock-ups
- Page loading time
- 17.4.Some design principles for Web surveys
- 17.5.Concluding comments
- 18.Coding and data entry
- 18.1.Introduction
- 18.2.Coding
- 18.2.1.Coding of missing values
- 18.2.2.Use of zeros and blanks in coding
- 18.2.3.Coding consistency
- Binary variables
- Numeric variables
- 18.2.4.Coding complex variables
- 18.2.5.Geocoding
- Requesting address details for other places than home
- Pre-coding of buildings
- Interactive gazetteers
- Other forms of geocoding assistance
- Locating by mapping software
- 18.2.6.Methods for creating codes
- 18.3.Data entry
- 18.4.Data repair
- 19.Data expansion and weighting
- 19.1.Introduction
- 19.2.Data expansion
- 19.2.1.Simple random sampling
- 19.2.2.Stratified sampling
- 19.2.3.Multistage sampling
- 19.2.4.Cluster samples
- 19.2.5.Other sampling methods
- Contents note continued: 19.3.Data weighting
- 19.3.1.Weighting with unknown population totals
- An example
- A second example
- 19.3.2.Weighting with known populations
- An example
- 19.4.Summary
- 20.Nonresponse
- 20.1.Introduction
- 20.2.Unit nonresponse
- 20.2.1.Calculating response rates
- Classifying responses to a survey
- Calculating response rates
- 20.2.2.Reducing nonresponse and increasing response rates
- Design issues affecting nonresponse
- Survey publicity
- Use of incentives
- Use of reminders and repeat contacts
- Personalisation
- Summary
- 20.2.3.Nonresponse surveys
- 20.3.Item nonresponse
- 20.3.1.Data repair
- Flagging repaired variables
- Inference
- Imputation
- Historical imputation
- Average imputation
- Ratio imputation
- Regression imputation
- Cold-deck imputation
- Hot-deck imputation
- Expectation maximisation
- Multiple imputation
- Imputation using neural networks
- Summary of imputation methods
- Contents note continued: 20.3.2.A final note on item nonresponse
- Strategies to obtain age and income
- Age
- Income
- 21.Measuring data quality
- 21.1.Introduction
- 21.2.General measures of data quality
- 21.2.1.Missing value statistic
- 21.2.2.Data cleaning statistic
- 21.2.3.Coverage error
- 21.2.4.Sample bias
- 21.3.Specific measures of data quality
- 21.3.1.Non-mobility rates
- 21.3.2.Trip rates and activity rates
- 21.3.3.Proxy reporting
- 21.4.Validation surveys
- 21.4.1.Follow-up questions
- 21.4.2.Independent measurement
- 21.5.Adherence to quality measures and guidance
- 22.Future directions in survey procedures
- 22.1.Dangers of forecasting new directions
- 22.2.Some current issues
- 22.2.1.Reliance on telephones
- Threats to the use of telephone surveys
- Conclusions on reliance on telephones
- 22.2.2.Language and literacy
- Language
- Literacy
- 22.2.3.Mixed-mode surveys
- 22.2.4.Use of administrative data
- 22.2.5.Proxy reporting
- Contents note continued: 22.3.Some possible future directions
- 22.3.1.A GPS survey as a potential substitute for a household travel survey
- The effect of multiple observations of each respondent on sample size
- 23.Documenting and archiving
- 23.1.Introduction
- 23.2.Documentation or the creation of metadata
- 23.2.1.Descriptive metadata
- 23.2.2.Preservation metadata
- 23.2.3.Geospatial metadata
- 23.3.Archiving of data.
- Notes:
- Includes bibliographical references (p. 511-524) and index.
- Subject:
- Copyright:
-
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- Published status:
- Published
- Publication date:
- 2012
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