Developing Australia's critical minerals and rare earths : implementing the outcomes from the 2023 Darwin Dialogue / John Coyne and Henry Campbell

Rare-earth elements and critical minerals are the world's building blocks for emerging and future technologies and are essential to manufacturing, clean energy production, semiconductor production, and the defence and aerospace industries. Their supply and value chains are small relative to those of major commodities such as iron ore and coal, are highly concentrated around China, are easily distorted, and are vulnerable to price fluctuations. The current global supply is also inadequate, as global demand for these resources is expected to grow rapidly in the coming decades. This report makes 24 recommendations for government and the private sector to support the development of viable, competitive alternative markets that offer products through supply chains secure from domestic policy disruptions and economic coercion.